Logic (160)

ancient application applied argument argumentation arguments aristotelian aristotle arithmetic artificial axioms bertrand bivalence boolean calculus calif cambridge classical completeness complexity computation computer concern conclusion connectives content critical deals deductive definition discipline excluded expression fallacies features formal foundations frege fundamental fuzzy gottlob greek implication incompleteness indian inductive inference informal intelligence introduction intuitionistic investigation involve judgement languages laws lists logic logical logicians logics mathematical mathematics medieval metaphysics modal modality model nietzsche notion ordinary outline oxford paradoxes philosopher philosophical philosophy predicate premise prior proof proposed propositional propositions quantifier quantum reasoning recursive reject rejection relevance relevant retrieved rival rule science semantics sentence sentential soundness source stanford structure studied studies syllogistic symbolic theorem theories traditional valid validity